Abstract: Drug trafficking groups are the main agents in the scenario of hyperviolence that plagues Mexico. The words “organized crime”, “cartels” and “drug trafficking” have been used in an imprecise or arbitrary way to define them, which leads to conceptual errors and semantic deviations or makes interventionism and criminalization feasible. Above all, these concepts fail to capture the evolution of these agents. To redefine them as Transnational Crime Networks (TCN), an academic position critical of the dominant position on security matters is assumed here and their incidence is measured at the political, economic, and social levels. The analysis describes the changes in the relationship between criminal agents and the state; the division of labor within TCNs; the link between licit and illicit capital; the insertion of criminal capital in the global accumulation pattern and the consequences of their crimes.

Resumen: Los grupos de traficantes de droga son agentes predominantes en el escenario de hiperviolencia que lacera a México, y las palabras crimen organizado, cárteles o narcotráfico han sido utilizadas de manera imprecisa o arbitraria para definirlos, lo que propicia desaciertos conceptuales, desviaciones semánticas o viabilizar el intervencionismo y la criminalización. Pero en especial, esos conceptos resultan insuficientes para captar la evolución de dichos agentes, por lo que con la intención de redefinirlos como Redes Transnacionales de Criminalidad (RTC), se asume aquí una posición académica crítica a la postura dominante en materia de seguridad y se dimensiona su incidencia en los planos político, económico y social. El análisis da cuenta de los cambios en la relación agentes criminales-Estado; la división del trabajo al interior de las RTC; el engarce entre capitales lícitos-ilícitos; la inserción del capital criminal en el patrón de acumulación global y la ramificación de sus delitos.

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza un discurso que se pronuncia en la ceremonia conocida como xiotalh entre los tepehuanos del sur de Durango. Desde una perspectiva de la antropología lingüística se destacan aspectos indexicales sobre la deixis de persona y espacio. El objetivo es mostrar que, para tener una plena comprensión del texto ritual, es necesario conocer tanto el contexto de enunciación, como la cosmovisión del pueblo tepehuano. Metodológicamente, se entabla una relación entre el análisis formal del texto y las acciones rituales. De este modo, se establece cómo, a través del uso de demostrativos de distancia corta, media o distal, el orador determina la posición espacial, social y cosmológica entre los participantes. En este sentido, los integrantes del ritual pueden ser humanos y no-humano (dioses), visibles e invisibles, actuales o ancestrales.

Abstract: This paper analyzes a spoken statement delivered during a ceremony known as xiotalh among the Tepehuans (O’dams) in the south of Durango, Mexico. From a linguistic anthropological perspective, it is worth noting indexical aspects regarding the deixis of person and space. This paper aims to demonstrate that in order to fully understand this ritual text, it is necessary to know both the context within which it is performed and the Tepehuan cosmovision. Methodologically, the study sets up a relationship between a formal analysis of the text and the ritual action. In this way, through the use of demonstrative pronouns regarding the proximal, medial or distal distance, the speaker determines the participants’ spatial, social, and cosmological position. In this regard, ritual participants can be human and non-human (deities), visible and invisible, set in current or ancestral times.

The two main demyelinating diseases in children are reviewed. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS). For its physiopathological characteristics, probable etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, evolution, as well as atypical alterations that complicate its diagnosis, the smaller the child is, more study is needed before reaching the diagnosis. The International Study Group of Multiple Pediatric Sclerosis, published the operating definitions for demyelinating diseases acquired from the central nervous system in children: the ADEM is monophasic, polysymptomatic and with encephalopathy. Its duration is up to 3 months, with fluctuating symptoms and magnetic resonance findings. MS is an isolated monofocal or polyfocal syndrome, without encephalopathy. Currently, two different and distinguishable diseases are considered from the onset of symptoms.

Se revisan dos de las principales enfermedades desmielinizantes en niños, la encefalomielitis aguda diseminada (EAD) y la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Por sus características fisiopatológicas, etiologías probables, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento, pronóstico, evolución, así como alteraciones atípicas que complican su diagnóstico; cuanto más pequeño es el paciente se necesita estudiar más, antes de llegar al diagnóstico. El Grupo Internacional de Estudio de Esclerosis Múltiple Pediátrica publicó las definiciones operativas para enfermedades desmielinizantes adquiridas del sistema nervioso central: la EAD es monofásica, polisintomática y con encefalopatía. Su duración es de hasta 3 meses, con síntomas fluctuantes y hallazgos en resonancia magnética. La EM se define como síndrome aislado monofocal o polifocal, sin encefalopatía. Actualmente se consideran dos enfermedades diferentes y distinguibles desde el inicio de los síntomas.

West syndrome or infantile spasms is an epileptic encephalopathy, classified as generalized epilepsies and syndromes. There are multiple reports of the evolution from West to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome of 25 up to 60%, without a specific cause is determined. It has been reported that they may be only an epileptic entity age dependent that it would be in relation to the degree of brain immaturity. In this retrospective review of 130 cases of West syndrome, only 14 (10.7%) evolved to Lennox-Gastaut. Having received in all cases vigabatrin as a treatment, makes us suppose that the low incidence could be related to the use of this drug. Given that vigabatrin has a gabaergic action and increased levels of ACTH, may explain this relationship but this must be confirmed with the best knowledge of the intimate mechanisms of these serious epileptic encephalopathies.

El síndrome de West o espasmos infantiles, es una encefalopatía epiléptica clasificada como epilepsias y síndromes generalizados. Hay múltiples informes de la evolución de síndrome de West a síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut de un 25 hasta 60%, sin reconocerse una causa específica. Se ha comunicado que pueden ser solo una entidad epiléptica dependiente de la edad y que estaría en relación con el grado de inmadurez cerebral. En esta revisión retrospectiva de 130 casos de espasmos infantiles, solo 14 (10.7%) evolucionaron a Lennox-Gastaut. El haber recibido en todos los casos vigabatrina como tratamiento nos hace suponer que la baja incidencia podría estar relacionada con el uso de este fármaco. Dado que la vigabatrina tiene una acción gabaérgica y aumenta los niveles de ACTH podría explicar esta relación, pero esto deberá confirmarse con el mejor conocimiento de los mecanismos íntimos de estas graves encefalopatías.

The use of a Neubauer chamber is a broadly employed method when cell suspensions need to be quantified. However, this technique may take a long time and needs trained personnel. Spectrophotometry has proved to be a rapid, simple and accurate method to estimate the concentration of spore suspensions of isolates of the genus Fusarium. In this work we present a linear formula to relate absorbance measurements at 530 nm with the number of microconidia/ml in a suspension.

La cámara de Neubauer es un método ampliamente utilizado para cuantificar suspensiones de esporas. Sin embargo, esta técnica requiere personal entrenado y un tiempo considerable. La espectrofotometría demostró ser un método rápido, simple y preciso para estimar la concentración de esporas de aislados del género Fusarium. En este artículo breve presentamos una fórmula lineal ajustada para relacionar la absorbancia a 530 nm con el número de conidios en suspensiones utilizadas en pruebas fitopatológicas.

Fusarium basal rot (FBR), which is caused predominantly by Fusarium oxysporum and F. proliferatum, is the main limiting factor of onion crops. Resistant cultivars obtained in other countries do not behave as such in Argentina crop fields. The cultivars Antártica-INTA, Grano de Oro-Seminis, Valcatorce-INTA and TW-2007 (reported as tolerant) were tested with five Fusarium spp. isolates, using four inoculum concentrations. Disease incidence was recorded along 28 days and the area under disease progress curve was calculated. Diverse epidemiological models were fitted to experimental data. There were significant differences in the resistance level among cultivars, with TW-2007 being the most tolerant. Local Fusarium isolates were the most virulent ones. The concentration of 10,000 microconidia/ gram was the most lethal for all isolates. The absence of resistance to Fusarium in the four cultivars tested was confirmed. Inoculum concentration and isolate are critical factors in screening for resistance to FBR. Breeding based on the selection of genotypes against low virulence strains of Fusarium spp. and the presence of more aggressive strains in local fields may be one of the causes why varieties reported as resistant or tolerant behave as susceptible in our environment.

Status epilepticus is a medical emergency which presents seizures by 30 minutes or more of continuous activity, or two or more consecutive crises without full recovery of consciousness between them. Currently, it is considered that a seizure convulsive or not, that last more than 5 minutes should be considered a status epilepticus. Different drugs for the treatment of this disease have been used. There is a general consensus in an aggressive handling should be done to reduce their morbidity and mortality, without forgetting that the cause of status is important for its management, control, and its aftermath.

El estado de mal epiléptico es una emergencia médica en la cual se presentan crisis epilépticas por 30 minutos o más de actividad continua, o bien dos o más crisis consecutivas sin recuperación completa de la conciencia entre las mismas. Actualmente se considera que una crisis epiléptica convulsiva o no, que dure más de 5 minuto se deberá considerar un estado de mal epiléptico. Se han utilizado diversos fármacos para el tratamiento de esta patología y sus secuelas. Hay un consenso generalizado en que se debe realizar un manejo agresivo para disminuir su morbi-mortalidad, sin olvidarse que la causa del estado de mal es importante para su manejo, control y sus secuelas.

The external morphology of sensilla on the antennae of males and females of Phyllophaga ravida Blanchard is described using scanning electron microscopy. Sexual dimorphism in body and antennal dimensions and in antennal receptor types was found. The female's body is slightly larger than the male's, although male antennal lamellae are longer than in females. Sixteen types of sensilla were identified on the proximal and distal surfaces of lamellae from both sexes, most of them in males: three types of placodea sensilla, four types of auricilica sensilla, five types of basiconica sensilla, and four types of coeloconica sensilla. Also, two types of mechanoreceptor sensilla were present on the lamellae periphery. Furthermore, males had larger placodea, auricilica and some types of basiconica sensilla.

Cysticercosis: parasitic disease which affects 3% of the population in Mexico. It is considered that there are more than 50 million infected people in the world, endemic in Mexico, Central and South America, Africa, Asia and India. It is considered the most important neurological infectious disease world-wide for its clinical manifestations. The causal agent in pigs and humans is the cysticercus of the Taenia solium, that can lodge in muscle, brain and ventricles. If pork meat contaminated with cysticercus is eaten, the tapeworm will live in the human intestine and create thousands of eggs that are excreted by the feces. When food contaminated with fecal matter is consumed by man or pig, the cisticercosis is disseminated in several parts of the organism, specially CNS. Man is the only host of the tapeworm and the pig is the only intermediary, reason why the prevalence of the teniasis-cisticercosis depends on this bond. It is diagnosed in endemic zones by the presence of convulsion crises, focal migraine, neurological symptoms, disorders of vision, endocraneal hypertension and CT scan with hypodense zones or cysts with a hyperdense ring. The antiparasitic treatment in children is controversial among pediatricians; it is suggested to use it only in the non calcified cystic phase and in cases associated with epilepsy. Few are the cases of hydrocephalic or intraventricular cysticercus that need surgical treatment.

Cisticercosis: enfermedad parasitaria que afecta en México al 3% de la población. Se considera que hay más de 50 millones de infectados en el mundo, endémica en México, Centro y Sudamérica, Africa, Asia e India. Considerada la enfermedad infecciosa neurológica más importante mundialmente por sus manifestaciones clínicas. El agente causal en cerdos y humanos es el cisticerco de la Taenia solium, que puede alojarse en músculo, cerebro y ventrículos. Si se ingiere carne de cerdo contaminada con cisticercos, se adquiere la solitaria, que vive en los intestinos del ser humano y genera miles de huevecillos que se excretan por la materia fecal. Al ingerir alimentos contaminados con materia fecal por el humano y el cerdo, se adquiere la cisticercosis que compromete distintas partes del organismo, especialmente el SNC. El ser humano es el único hospedero de la solitaria y el cerdo es intermediario, por lo que la prevalencia de la teniasis-cisticercosis depende de este vínculo. Se diagnostica en zonas endémicas por la presencia de crisis convulsivas, cefalea, síntomas neurológicos focales, trastornos de visión, hipertensión endocraneal y tomografía cerebral con zonas hipodensas o quiste con un anillo hiperdenso. El tratamiento con antiparasitarios es controversial en pediatría, se sugiere administrarse en la fase quística no calcificada y en casos de epilepsia asociada. Pocos son los casos que ameritan tratamiento quirúrgico por hidrocefalia o por cisticerco intraventricular, que es muy raro.

The term cerebral palsy (CP), is used for a great number of clinical neurological syndromes. The syndromes are characterized by having a common cause, motor defects. It is important, because they can cause a brain damage by presenting motor defects and some associated deficiencies, such as mental deficiency, epilepsy, language and visual defects and pseudobulbar paralysis, with the nonevolving fact. Some authors prefer using terms such as "non-evolving encephalopathies". In the treatment the utility of prevention programs of early stimulation and special rehabilitation methods, and treatment of associated deficiencies such as epilepsy, mental deficiency, language, audition and visual problems, and the attention deficit improve the prognosis in an important way. The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and the associated manifestations.

El término parálisis cerebral (PC) engloba a un gran número de síndromes neurológicos clínicos, de etiología diversa. Estos síndromes se caracterizan por tener una sintomatología común: los trastornos motores. Algunos autores prefieren manejar términos como "encefalopatía fija", "encefalopatías no evolutivas". Se mencionan la utilidad de programas de intervención temprana y métodos especiales de rehabilitación, así como el manejo de las deficiencias asociadas como la epilepsia, deficiencia mental, trastornos del lenguaje, audición, visión, déficit de la atención que mejoran el pronóstico de manera significativa. El pronóstico también depende de la gravedad del padecimiento y de las manifestaciones asociadas.

Foi desenvolvida uma técnica para quantificar, por espectrofotometria, a concentração de conídios de P. allii em experimentos de alho em câmara úmida. Foi observada uma correlação linear negativa (R²=0.56) entre a transmitância a 340 nm e a suspensão conidial de P. allii em agar-água 0.05%. O método foi calibrado com um hemocitômetro e a equação que relaciona a transmitância (T) com a concentração (conídio mL-1) (y) é: y = 9.3 10(6) - 86497 T. A técnica foi testada inoculando 43 isolados de P. allii em duas cultivares de alho. O método mostrou-se mais rápido e eficiente que o uso tradicional de um hemocitômetro. O coeficiente de variação (CV) do número de conídios por quadrícula do hemocitômetro foi de 35.04%, enquanto que o CV da transmitância foi de 2.73%. Os valores extremos escolhidos para T foram 40 e 80 devido ao fato que a sensibilidade do método diminuiu em altas ou baixas concentrações de conídios.

A technique to measure the concentration of Penicillium allii conidia in damp chamber experiments by spectrophotometry was developed. A negative linear correlation (R²=0.56) was observed between transmittance at 340 nm and the concentration of P. allii conidia in water agar 0.05%. The equation that relates transmittance (T) with concentration (conidia mL-1) (y) is: y = 9.3 10(6) - 86497 T. The method was assayed by inoculating 43 P. allii strains in two garlic cultivars. The method proved to be more rapid than the traditional use of a hemocytometer with an improved accuracy. The CV of the number of conidia per hemocytometer reticule was of 35.04%, while the transmittance CV was of 2.73%. The extreme values chosen for T were 40 and 80 because the sensitivity of the method decreased when concentrations of conidia were out of this range.